Career Opportunity In The United States District Court As...

Career Opportunity In The United States District Court As A Judicial Support Specialist The legal marketplace has undergone many changes in the past several years, and it continues to do so even today. Corporations have been merging, law firms expanding to become full-service, partners leaving the very law firms they established, clients hopping from firm to firm without regard to long term established relationships, and beginning associates earning unprecedented salaries. Change is happening all around us, and all predictions are for this pace to continue. In addition to an opportunity to be the counsel of record for the United States in cases having critical financial, political, and social impact, there are some other advantages that†¦show more content†¦Health units, which offer free health awareness/screening programs, emergency response/walk-in care and first aid, these are just some of the benefit available. Besides this there are associations for Black, Hispanic and Asian employees.My knowledge for the field, which makes me desirous of the job, is as follows: I have experience of performing research on topics of importance to governmental agencies. And also supervised student research assistants and instructed students in seminar setting. For which I meets with local and state governmental of finials to identify appropriate topics of research and to supervise students as they perform the research assignments. And also I am proficient in both traditional and electronic forms of legal research. Besides my supervisory experience through practice I have acquired short term and long range planning experience. I have demonstrated expertise in interpersonal and oral presentation/written communication skills, and acquired strong computer skills. From myShow MoreRelatedHistory and Rolls of Law Enforcement in America10094 Words   |  41 Pagesenforcement agencies, Analysis of Historical events that have shaped modern policing practices, Ethical and professional behavior in the workplace, and Evaluation of how knowledge, skills, and attitude learned in this course apply to your chosen career. There will also be a summary of reactions on Ethical and professional behavior in the work place. Included in the second section, there will be six scenarios. The responses will incorporate knowledge of policing trends and issues gained throughoutRead MoreImportant Law Enforcement Facts19721 Words   |  79 Pages| | |There are approximately 870,000 sworn law enforcement officers now serving in the United States. | |   | |About 11.3 percent of them are female. | |   Read MoreAppearance Discrimination in Employment22039 Words   |  89 PagesAppearance discrimination in employment: Legal and ethical implications of â€Å"lookism† and â€Å"lookphobia† [pic] http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=2040-7149volume=32issue=1articleid=17077304show=html Downloads: The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1519 times since 2013 DOI (Permanent URL):  10.1108/02610151311305632 [pic]  Abstract [pic]  View PDF  (200kb) [pic]  Print View References †¢ References (67) Citations †¢ CrossRef (1) Further reading Read MoreWrongful Convictions And Its Effect On Society6680 Words   |  27 Pagescase. Exonerees experience great amounts of hardship once released back into society. There are flaws in the justice system, which make it extremely difficult for exonerees to experience true freedom. Wrongful convictions occur not only in the United States, but also across the entire globe. It is a serious injustice when an innocent person is forced to experience life as a convicted felon. Causes of Wrongful Convictions â€Å"Although numerous cases of wrongful convictions have been documented in theRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagesadministrative changes and updates paragraph titles (app E). o Note. Army Directive 2012-06, Centralized Selection List - Tour Length Policy for Command and Key Billets; Army Directive 2012-13, Policy and Implementing Guidance for Deployment Cycle Support; and ALARACT 007-2012, Sexual Harassment/Assault Response and Prevention (SHARP) Implementation Guidance will be incorporated in the next major revision. *Army Regulation 600–20 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 18 MarchRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesthree dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen as positively affecting performance in organizations, both largeRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesPERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative for details! Collaborate with your colleagues, find a mentor, attend virtual and live events, and view resources www.WhereFacultyConnect.com Pre-loaded, ready-to-use assignments and presentations www.wiley.com/college/quickstart Technical Support 24/7 FAQsRead MoreChallenges in Pension Reform15566 Words   |  63 Pagespublic sector administrators as they grapple with restoring pension plans to solvency and sustainability. The objectives are to research and describe how public pension plans have become insolvent over the course of the past dozen years; to discuss legal issues that make reform difficult; to suggest how to involve unions in meeting the challenge of reforming pension plans through negotiation with collective bargaining units; to discuss how to achieve pension reform without violating constitutionalRead MoreLaw Enforcement in the 21st Century15936 Words   |  64 Pagesthe Book The Police Function: Social Control and the Use of Force Policing Within the Rule of Law: The Challenges of Discretion The Delicate Balance: Crime Control versus Due Process The Levels of Law Enforcement Municipal Agencies County Agencies State Agencies Federal Agencies Department of Justice Department of Homeland Security Department of the Treasury U.S. Postal Service Tribal Agencies Chapter Objectives ââ€"  Describe the concept of linkage blindness and its importance in the criminal justiceRead MoreEmilio Jacintos Trading Cooperative19425 Words   |  78 PagesA1457 Cooperatives: Principles and practices in the 21st century Kimberly A. Zeuli and Robert Cropp ABOUT THE COVER IMAGE: The â€Å"twin pines† is a familiar symbol for cooperatives in the United States. The Cooperative League of the USA, which eventually became the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA), adopted it as their logo in 1922. The pine tree is an ancient symbol of endurance and immortality. The two pines represent mutual cooperation—people helping people. COOPERATIVES: ii

History Is The Base Of The Future - 948 Words

History is the base of the future. History is the whole series of past events connected with someone or something in the future. History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human race (John J. Anderson 1876). Events become history when it travels the certain time interval and makes connections in the future. History is the study of the past and the study of the ancient and the recent human past through material remains is known as archeology. Archaeology offers a unique perspective on human history and culture that has contributed greatly to our understanding of both the ancient and the recent past. Archaeology helps us understand not only where and when people lived on the earth, but also why and how they have lived, examining the changes and causes of changes that have occurred in human cultures over time, seeking patterns and explanations of patterns to explain everything from how and when people first came to inhabit the Americas, to the origins of agriculture and complex societies (â€Å"Society for American Archaeology†). Archeology include study of human artifacts which were made in the past and buried or thrown away in the present day: everything made by human beings- from simple tools to complex machines. Archeology is the study of history using the past material remaining in the present age.Show MoreRelatedThe Hudson Bay Company1554 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore Canada became a country (Our History). Despi te the success of the Hudson Bay Company, French and American interests did not back them (Our History). The main operations of the HBC was centred on trading with the Natives (Our History). The Natives brought furs to the forts and posts of the Hudson Bay Company, located around the shores of James and Hudson Bays, to barter for manufactured goods like knives, kettles, beads, needles, and blankets (Our History). These posts and forts along theRead MoreHistory of Softball1135 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Softball Many people assume that softball came about from baseball, the sport’s first game actually came about because of a football game. The history of softball dates back to Thanksgiving Day of 1887 when several alumni sat in the Chicago, IL Farragut Boat Club anxiously awaiting the outcome of the Yale vs. Harvard football game. When Yale was announced as winner, a Yale alumnus playfully threw a boxing glove at a Harvard supporter. The Harvard fan swung at the balled-up glove withRead MoreThe Importance of Knowledge1241 Words   |  5 Pagestherefore knowledge. This is why it is important to understand how one comes to learn or interpret knowledge as it may affect future knowledge in a certain field such as history or the natural sciences. In order to understand this, it is necessary for one to learn how a person comes to understand knowledge regarding history and the natural sciences by using language and emotion. History play a major role in a person’s life as it shapes their current actions which then in turn shapes their feelings. ThisRead MoreDucati : A Small Company Manufacturing Electrical Components For Radios Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct lines to this day. Much of their niche success has drawn on notions of high performance, emotional response, nostalgia, and style. There have been ups and downs in Ducati’s history, but this analysis will focus on the â€Å"Turnaround† period from 1996 to 2001 and their possible strategic options for the future. 1 - Innovation Value Chain In 1996, Federico Minoli was hired as Ducati’s new CEO. He spared no time in replacing the incumbent top-tier management, but he left the rest of the companyRead MoreBaseball, Baseball And Softball1112 Words   |  5 Pagesmany areas of the game. It insists, â€Å"Softball is often referred to baseball for girls, with a larger ball and aa smaller diamond† (History of Softball). Even though there may be some truth about that statement, it doesn’t mean that’s the only difference between the two. When it comes down to it, both sports have specific field requirements, equipment, rules and future occupations. Baseball has special field requirements for the different levels of baseball. The general levels of baseball includeRead MoreProject Retrospective : A Powerful Tool For Organizational Learning And Future Projects1492 Words   |  6 Pageslearning and future projects. Project retrospective is done to take some fruitful decisions for improving the future project. The success of an organization is directly linked with the practice of conducting post delivery review after the completion of the project. Evidence based timeline retrospective (EBTR) method is the best way to improve the future projects. Subjective opinion and biased memories can lead to wrong conclusions which in turn make wrong decision in meeting for the future projects.Read MoreNorth Asia And The United Nations1540 Words   |  7 Pagesscale. In order to analyze the issue and propose a plan of action as a solution it is essential to first get an understanding of the history of how militarization has affected each of t hese countries’ economy, culture, and global image. It is critical that East Asia and the United Nations place more of an emphasis on diplomatic relations and less on militarization. History proves that the only thing increased militarization does is create a false sense of security. Before dissecting each of the keyRead MoreFuture of the Juvenile Justice System1280 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of the Juvenile Justice System The future of the juvenile justice system is uncertain. There is a struggle to try a find a way to serve the needs of the juvenile delinquents and issue them a punishment for violating the law. In order to improve the direction of the juvenile justice system, recommendations are needed regarding community involvement, law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the private sector. These recommendations address issues that the system is currently facing and offersRead MoreThe Between Eastern And Western Europe1191 Words   |  5 PagesA Divided Continent The European continent is an interesting case study of the divided between Eastern and Western Europe. The divided is an older issue rooted in historical events in modern European history. History allows understanding of what drives the divided in Europe into the contemporary times. Eastern Europe has specific regional issues that divide it from Western Europe. The most important are the weak governments and economics. The lack of strength in government allowed for the rise ofRead MoreThe Divide Between Eastern And Western Europe1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe European continent is an interesting case study of the divide between Eastern and Western Europe. The divide is an older issue rooted in historical events in modern European history. History allows for understanding of what drives the divide in Europe into contemporary times. Eastern Europe has specific regional issues that divide it from Western Europe. The most important are the weak governments and economies. The lack of str ength in government allowed for the rise of empires to take over the

Recruitment - Selection Process and Job Satisfaction

Questions: 1. Look at a job advert (provided) explain where you found it (include referencing) and why it may interest a finance junior. 2. Imagine you are the Human resources manager who placed the advert. Explain what selection methods were available and which ones you chose and the reason for your answer. Methods are - interviews, references, and CV's, psychometric tests, assessment centres. 3. you are the candidate who was selected for the job - how can the job be designed to give high job satisfaction, and what reasons will it give high satisfaction. Answers: 1. Job advertisement location and medium: Earlier the recruitment advertisement was based on the notice or television or newspaper advertisements for the recruitment process. In recent days it has been noticed that almost every company use their official website for the recruitment process. As stated by Jiang et al. (2012), some recruiters take the help of the different job portals like times jobs, Monster jobs, the guardianjobs and many more to publish their recruitment notice. However, this process is also beneficial for the students or the job seekers. The recruiters are provided with the full specification and requirements. The applicant or the students can choose the suitable job profile to apply. In this paper candidates has been searched using the guardian jobs job portals for job searching process. It has been observed that the MONTASH global talent acquisition organization has placed an advertisement for the post of finance controller or book keeper. The organization has mentioned that they are looking for a person who has some specific skills and experience such as qualified AAT degree. The person must have minimum 3 years experience in the finance and accountant role, the person should have minimum 1 year experience on 50 sage account handling, the person should have bank recognitions and experience to handle the weekly and monthly sales report. The detail advertisement copy is in the appendix 1. 2. Selection method: As per the advertisement of MONTASH global talent acquisition, the organization is looking for the finance controller or bookkeeper for the permanent position. The Montash Uniform Education is a popular and ambitious recruiting firm and searching a self motivated bookkeeper or financial controller for their accounts team in Finchley Central, London. The organization was asking for their requirements and provides the Apply option for the interested applicant in their website or digital employment notice. The human resource team or the recruiter will follow different steps recruitment and selection strategy for post of finance controller and bookkeeper (Spagnoli and Caetano 2012). The recruiters need to follow the proper recruitment strategy for selecting the perfect process. The recruiters follow the word of mouth strategy, main idea and details summarization, cause and effect, sequence of the event, make the prediction, drawing the conclusion, deciding the fact and opinion, fantasy or realistic, character traits and figurative language for arranging the recruitment process (Robertson and Duckworth 2014). As per the 8step selection process, the human resource management follows eight different steps such as primary interview, selection test, employment interview, reference and background checks selection decision, physical examination job offer and final selection (Bakker et al. 2012). The primary interview process is basically for eliminating the unqualified applicant after analyzing the resume. The main strength of this process is to select the qualified applicant for the next level of the recruitment process. The weakness of this step is that it takes plenty of times to select the perfect applicant for the next stage of the selection process. After the primary interview stage, the applicants are moved towards the selection test such as aptitude test, personality test and ability test (Kim 2012). The main advantage of those type of tests to judge the applicants ability and predict their performance as an employee in future. Time requirement and money requirement are the main weakness if this type of selection process. However, the other test like interest test and graphology test, medical tests and psychometric test also secure the prediction level of the recruiters After completing the selection test the recruiter are shortlist the candidates name those who are capable to clear those test with having the knowledge. The eligible candidates are invited to attend the employment interview process. The interview is a formal process and in-depth conversation about the applicant acceptability. As stated by Rehman (2012), some organization follow one of the most exclusive types of interview like structured, unstructured, behavioral interview and stress interview. The strength of this interview process is that the recruiters can identify the psychological strength and the behavior of the applicant. The face to face interview or panel interview takes lots of time so that could be weakness for this type of employment interview process. After conducting the employment interview, the recruiters start to check the reference and background of the selected candidate (Armstrong 2014). The main advantage of this step is to collect the background information like any criminal records, birth place and authenticity of their educational certificate. Long time and lots of money are required to arrange this step, so those factors could be the possible weakness for the recruitment process. After checking the background details recruiters take the decision to select the preselected applicant and offered them job through the appointment letter. The joining letter is the main evidence to the applicant to become an employee of that organization. As per recruiters experience, the selection test and employment interview are most interesting steps for both end such as the applicant and recruiters. The applicant get the chance to show their knowledge level and creativity lever and the recruiters get many option to choose the perfect applicant for the perfect position. 3. Employee and their job satisfaction: As a selected candidate of MONTASH global talent acquisition, the job designing of this organization is based on the job characteristics model. The researcher and the individual is joined as a team member of the finance controller. All the team members are extremely talented. The organization follows very modern strategy for the job designing based on the skill, variety task identity and task significance. It has been observed that this organization is always looking for the experienced applicant for hiring because the organization believes on the quality of work. As an employee, the researcher carefully follows the ob designing strategy of the organization. The organization breaks the entire job depending upon some properties like skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback. The human resource managers or the team leaders have proper prediction about the work efficiency of their team members and identified the proper task for ideal team members. The rotati onal technique also assists the employees to gather experience about all types of work. The work simplification is another art of the team leaders the team leaders breaks the entire job into small subparts and assign every team members for each part. The proper team work management should follow some steps like variety of task, autonomy, identity, responsibility, feedback, balance workload, achievement and development. It was mentioned on the job portal that the applicant must have 3 years experience in the finance and accountant role and the researcher got the psychological satisfaction and confidence to deal with different issues. The creativity of the researcher motivates the individual to perform well in the future days. The experience provides the satisfaction at workplace and very satisfied to work as finance controller or book keeper in MONTASH global talent acquisition organization. Reference list: Armstrong, P., 2014. Limits and possibilities for HRM in an age of management accountancy.New Perspectives On Human Resource Management op. cit. at, pp.154-166. Bakker, A.B., Tims, M. and Derks, D., 2012. Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement.human relations,65(10), pp.1359-1378. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J. and Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), pp.1264-1294. jobs.theguardian.com. (2016). Finance Controller / Bookkeeper job with MONTASH ASSOCIATES | Guardian Jobs. [online] Guardian Jobs. Available at: https://jobs.theguardian.com/job/6281701/-finance-controller-bookkeeper/ [Accessed 17 Mar. 2016]. Kim, S., 2012. Does Personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Organization Fit Matter in the Publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Sector? Testing the Mediating Effect of Personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Organization Fit in the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Work Attitudes.Public Administration Review,72(6), pp.830-840. Rehman, S., 2012. A study of public sector organizations with respect to recruitment, job satisfaction and retention.Global Business and Management Research,4(1), p.76. Robertson-Kraft, C. and Duckworth, A.L., 2014. True grit: Trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals predicts effectiveness and retention among novice teachers.Teachers College record (1970),116(3). Spagnoli, P. and Caetano, A., 2012. Personality and organisational commitment: The mediating role of job satisfaction during socialisation.Career Development International,17(3), pp.255-275.

Project management approaches for dynamic environments Essay Example

Project management approaches for dynamic environments Paper These projects are challenged by the rapid introduction of new unknowns as they progress. One might say they are more akin to stacking worms than stacking bricks. The difficulties posed by these projects are identified and the literature is reviewed for suitable approaches. ? 2008 Elsevier Ltd and MAMA. All rights reserved. Key. Fords: Project management; Dynamic 1. Introduction This paper sets out to investigate the nature of projects conducted in fast changing environments. Examples and theory are used to illustrate the nature and challenges of this category. Suitable management approaches are identified under the allowing headings: Planning, Experimentation, Lifestyle, Controls, Culture, Communication, and Leadership style. 2. The dynamic project category The paper closes with recommendations for further research. In this paper, control is taken to mean the mechanisms through which resources are managed to achieve objectives and is different to the MAMBO technique [2] which is strictly focused on bringing activities in line with a plan [3]. The term dynamic is taken to mean characterized by constant change [4]. In the project management context dynamism is taken to be a dimension of a project hat represents the extent to which a project is influenced by changes in the environment in which it is conducted. Corresponding author. Address: ITS Project Office, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, SLD 4072, Australia. Tell. : +61 7 33654935; fax: +61 401 E-mail add Reese: [emailprotected] Com (S. Collier). 0263-7863/$36. 00 2008 Elsevier Ltd and MAMA All rights reserved. DOI:1 0. 1 016/j. Sparkman. 2008. 04. 04 This paper argues that this is a non-binary dimension that applies in varying degrees to all projects, so strictly any given project is neither dynamic nor not dynamic. All projects have some agree of dynamism, so the dimension is not dichotomy. Therefore, the ideas in this paper may be applied in varying degrees to any project as deemed appropriate. For the sake of simplicity though, for the remainder of this paper, a dynamic project is taken to be one that is necessarily subject to hi gher than normal levels of change due to the environment in which it is conducted. We will write a custom essay sample on Project management approaches for dynamic environments specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project management approaches for dynamic environments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project management approaches for dynamic environments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The business environment is changing at an increasing pace [5-7]. Retell and Ziegfeld [8] went so far as to say we are in the midst of a technology explosion. They argued that 90% of our technical knowledge has been generated in he last 55 years, and that technical knowledge will continue to increase exponentially. Perrine and Tipping [9] reported the pace of technology is accelerating raising the stakes and risks for managing innovation, and requiring early warning and shorter response time. Change, in all forms of technology and business processes, can be regarded as increasingly pervasive and providing challenges even where high technology is not a core business, such as in mining [10]. Consider how the Australian Submarine project was challenged by developments in the IT industry between the sass design phase, and sea trials decades later [7]. This paper will now investigate dynamic projects from a theoretical point of view. Gray and Larson [1 1] argued that 356 S. Collier, C. M. J. Warren / International Journal of Project Management 27 (2009) 355-364 projects conducted in highly uncertain environments are a key unresolved project management issue and present the following challenges: planning for uncertain outcomes; balancing flexibility with reliability and accountability; balancing decision quality against decision speed; timing scope freeze during rapid change. Pick, Loch and De Meyer [12] describe a type of project hat encounters unknown unknowns and how it is best suited to what they called a learning strategy which involves scanning, problem solving and flexibility. They argue that this is distinct from projects conducted in well understood environments which are suited to instructions, and distinct from selections where the most fruitful initiative is chosen after a pool of trials. Turner and Cochran [131 espouse the goals and methods matrix that describes four different types of project according to how well defined the methods and goals are. Projects can have poorly defined oils (fire) or poorly defined methods (Water), or both (aid). Sheehan and Weidman [14] describe a type of project that involves high levels of uncertainty, using technologies together for the first time. They call these high tech [14]. They also describe a type of project that actually creates new technologies, called super high tech. Sheehan [1 5] describes how low technology projects are typically performed in construction, production and utilities, and high technology projects in the computer, aerospace and electronics industries. He offers building and bridge construction as examples f low technology projects. The key difference to Sheehan is the level of development work involved, in that low technology projects have little, and high technology projects have considerable levels and usually require prototyping. Sheehan and Weidman [14] argue that another key difference is the number of design cycles. In low technology projects they say there is typically only one cycle with a freeze before development, and with high technology there are at least two, typically three cycles. Operational work Coif [1 6] suggests that projects be placed on a spectrum of newness from operational to project. The idea has been adapted in Fig. 1 to illustrate the sliding scale of unknowns that applies to projects. Unknowns in this sense refer to any aspect of the project, including the methods to achieve it, the objective, and the environment it has to operate in. The guide to the project management body of knowledge (MAMBO) [2] describes progressive elaboration, where planning is developed in greater detail as the project progresses. Using progressive elaboration to fill knowledge gaps, it might be possible to move a project to the left in Fig. 1, thereby achieving the objective in a more predictable fashion. However, paid changes in the environment, including tools and methods, and attempts to innovate, act to push the project to the right, increasing unknowns. The two forces Of exploration and change act against each other continuously throughout the project. The challenge is to conduct exploration at a greater rate than the emergence of environmental change. It is also important to ensure that the amount of change created by the exploration and implementation is not counterproductive overall. An example of Project A in Fig. 1 might be a production line where there only variable is the color required. Project B might e a house construction where there are more unknowns at the start but most are resolved in the early stages. Project C might be a software development project for a new business. The clients business processes, and the technologies used in the project, change during the course of execution, thereby affecting the methods used and goals. Projects conducted in environments with higher levels of dynamism may be more likely to pose some of the attributes of Shiners [1 5] high technology or super high technology categories with uncertainty at the start, but also include even more challenging high levels of change along the way. In dynamic project environments, significant proportions of the methods and goals are changed by external forces out of the projects control. The effort to resolve unknowns at the start of the project is severely challenged by the introduction of additional unknowns along the way, because what is learned can become obsolete in less time Dynamic project Classic project Knows unknowns Progressive Elaboration/Exploration Environmental Changes Innovation Fig. 1. The race to resolve project unknowns. (2009) 355-364 Table 1 The dynamic project category Work type Description Established controls. Operational processes. Lower levels of unknowns Requires the creation of new controls, usually a project plan, for a significantly new body of work, usually only carried out once. May have high levels of unknowns at the start but most resolved early, and few new unknowns arise during execution Requires the creation of new controls that are changed regularly during execution. Has high levels of unk nowns at the start and a high rate of new unknowns throughout. Must resolve the unknowns at a faster rate than they appear, and in time for completion Classic project Dynamic than it takes to learn. Materials, methods and goals are always moving, making projects more akin to stacking arms than stacking bricks. Table 1 attempts to describe the difference between operational work, classic project work, and projects with a strong dynamic dimension. The rate of resolving unknowns is especially critical on these projects. As soon as one engages in adjustment of scope to suit an uncontrollable environment one runs the risk of resolution lag. The rate at which unknowns are resolved must not only be sufficient to deal with those that existed at the start, but also those that appear during execution. For instance, assuming linear production and resolution of unknowns, the resolution rate must at least be equal to the appearance rate, plus enough to resolve unknowns that existed at the start (I. E. Number at start divided by the duration). The appearance rate will be quite high in a highly dynamic environment. Furthermore, unknowns may appear in inconvenient bursts, and certainly after planning is complete. Therefore, the rate of unknown resolution is a particular hazard for projects conducted in dynamic environments. 3. Illustration Two examples are provided to help illustrate the challenges of projects conducted in dynamic environments. Two subunits Of a single parent organization were selected on the basis that they had contrasting levels of dynamism. Both sub units had a mix of project types, but each appeared to have a higher proportion of one type. One sub unit had a higher proportion of projects utilizing the instructions approach and the other more utilizing the learning approach. In this paper one will be referred to as the static environment and the other as the dynamic environment, as a means to represent the relative levels of dynamism in each. Following is a description of challenges encountered by the higher levels of change in the dynamic environment. Product lifespan: the average mean time to failure (MITT) was three to four years compared to several cascades in the static environment. This meant that in a 357 given year one third of the products had to be replaced. There was very little that could be called operational. At any given point more than half of the environment was either being replaced or being planned for replacement. This also presented the sign efficient risk that materials would expire before the fall product was fully operational. Rate of introduction of new materials: most materials had only become available in the last three or four years, and were completely unknown less than a decade previously. By contrast most materials used in the static environment had been well understood for several decades, centuries, or even millennium, and the implementation methods were well understood and tuned. Difficulty finding and managing skilled labor: change led to a perpetually low level of knowledge about the properties of new materials, and how they should be implemented (methods), and therefore difficulty finding qualified resources. A sign efficient amount of study and certification was required to stay qualified in using an endless stream of new materials. It was regarded as almost impossible to Stay qualified and perform effectively as a manager at the same time. Staff promoted to management had to quickly decide teens giving up their qualifications or giving up good management. If they chose to be an effective manager, they had to do so without completely understanding the work their staff performed. This made it more difficult to manage, understand issues, and gauge performance. Level of integration with customer industry: while some organizations can execute relatively vanilla products for a range of contrasting clients, projects in the dynamic environment required significant customization and understanding of the client business. Changing goals: because customers were also operating in an environment of uncertainty and change, their acquirement also had a tendency to change rapidly. Affect on planning: in the dynamic environment new events that compromised plans arose rapidly throughout project delivery. The quantity of change made detailed plans difficult to maintain. In the time it took to adjust the plan, additional changes would occur. Analysis and decision making had to be conducted more rapidly than the emergence of new changes. Plans with excessive detail were found to be misleading and abandoned in favor Of a higher level or rolling wave approach. Even in the static environment, there could be too many unknowns at the start to be solved by the deadline, so the rapid introduction of new unknowns in the dynamic environment was doubly challenging. Morale: in the dynamic environment, well before a product or service was produced, thoughts had turned to the next generation, making the current goal seem less valuable or important. This made it difficult to maintain quality focus, or celebrate end points for reward and recognition. This in turn affected job satisfaction, 358 S. Collier, C. MS. Warren / International Journal of Project Management 27 morale and motivation. Lower product quality meant that deployed products required regular changes to continue their usefulness, and reliability. By comparison the visible achievement of a building lasts decades after it is complete. Levels of interdependence: projects were often intertwined with other projects and an existing dynamic environment. A change in one project had significant impact on other projects. The highly integrated nature of the environment, combined with high rates of change, made forward planning very challenging. Dependency on business units with much lower levels of dynamism who therefore may not respond as quickly, or understand the challenges being faced. Reduced business compatibility when an organization alls too far behind best practice, and find it difficult to recruit staff familiar with their environment. Sometimes technology used on a previous project simply does not exist any more, and new ones have to be used; low material life-spans (low MATT) and life-cycles (period before manufacture ceases permanently). This means that most materials, and therefore products, have to be replaced within three to four years, with a next generation material/product. Next generation materials/products usually have differing properties to the original, and this has a flow on affect to dependent products. While standards may be used extensively, omen variations in properties are deemed necessary to achieve improvements. . Project management approaches for dynamic environ meets An industry with a strong public safety requirement may be attracted to the make static approach. This requirement can help justify funds to test and implement strategies, and this can mitigate the reliability disadvantages of early adoption; consider the medical and the aircraft construction industries as examples. Conversely t he IT industry cannot easily leverage public safety to justify costs, so it trades reliability for faster delivery, of new functionality, at lower costs. Jones argues that technology product lifestyles are now measured in months, compared to the car industry in years (about five), and in construction change in product technology is very limited and products such as steel girders and electrical cable may remain in the mature stage indefinitely Although the make static approach has merits, it also has limitations, and so other approaches are a necessary part of the mix. The intention here is to review literature to provide a broad overview of approaches that might be used to better deal with dynamic environments. Approaches were broken down as follows: Environment manipulation making dynamic static. Planning approaches for dynamic environments. Scope control for dynamic environments. Controlled experimentation. Lifestyle strategies. Management controls: input, behavior and output, diagnostic, belief, interactive and boundary. Culture and communication for dynamic environments. Categorization. Leaders IP style. 4. 1 . Environment manipulation make dynamic static The most obvious approach to deal with the challenges of a dynamic environment is to attempt to make it more static by resisting change. This could be achieved by: freezing objective and design. Rejecting change requests; reducing or delaying adoption of new (esp.. Unproven) technologies or techniques; extending the life of existing systems. In highly dynamic environments the benefits of the make static approach are countered by challenges such as: lost opportunity and productivity though delayed implementation of new approaches, materials or business objectives, that provide significant benefits, despite the challenges; reduced business competitiveness, especially when competing organizations offer, or make use of, new systems which are often more effective; 4. 2. Planning approaches for dynamic environments Project management, as defined by the bodies of knowledge, is focused mostly on a management-as-planning view of control and appears to be an appropriate approach for projects with clear goals and methods [13]. However, Slake and Howell [17] argue that for speedy projects, traditional project management is simply counterproductive; it creates self-inflicted problems that seriously undermine performance. The problem is that events arise at faster rates than is practical to re-plan Attempting detailed long term planning for these projects can waste time and resources, and lead to false expectations.